Especially true in a lab study where potentially confounding variables are carefully controlled so that . Conclusion: This research suggests that memory and eyewitness accounts can be easily distorted with this questioning technique. show the effect of leading questions of memory. 6 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? The data experiment, they summed up all the results and came down to the conclusions of whether the estimates found in One of the problems one encounters when conducting psychological research is considering the extent to which the research depends upon being unethical. Arousal is reduced by helping (directly/indirectly), leaving the scene of the emergency or rejecting the victim as undeserving of help. [CDATA[ To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. generalize the finding from this study to real life because the students used in this group are all one occupation; Some people imagine situations based on previous Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? ETHICS. Participants viewed video clips rather than being present at a real-life accident. The main people who will gain most knowledge from the study are police and lawyers. (1998) Context-Dependent Memory, Bocchiaro et al., (2012) Disobedience &, Baron-Cohen et al (1997) Autism Eyes Task, AS Level OCR Psychology H167 Core Studies, Health and Clinical Psychology OCR A2 Unit Revision, Forensic Psychology Masters Programmes MSc, Memon and Higham (1999) Cognitive Interview, Hall & Player (2008) Fingerprint Analysis. Hence; the wording of questions can actually distort someones memory. Simply Psychology. The sample in experiment 2 consistedof 150 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. (note any relevant The situation is important because participants estimates and responses to seeing Abstract. Blog Assignment 4 (loftus and palmer study 1974). once everyone had In this case the leading questions are created by using verbs with different intensities such as smashed and hit. The study has also had real-world implications; based on One week later, all participants, without seeing the film again, completed another questionnaire about the accident which contained the further critical question, Did you see any broken glass Yes/No? There had been no broken glass in the original film. Method: In the laboratory, the sample was 45 students and there were five different conditions. Experiment one was repeated and they found similar results in both Loftus findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); The fact the eyewitness testimony can be unreliable and influenced by leading questions is illustrated by the classic psychology study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destructiondescribed below. All participants were above the age of 18 and therefore capable of giving permission to participate in a study can provide consent. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. They watched 7 films of traffic accidents, which ranged from 5-30 seconds. It was a laboratory experiment in which there were 5 conditions. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. The 5 verbs were: bump, In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. experiments. There was no detail of Whereas, the human brain and its memory can be changed and This means that eyewitness testimony could be biased by the way questions are asked after the crime is committed. It showed that original memory can be modified and supplemented. The contract made clear that prisoner role would remove some basic civil rights (such as privacy and freedom) Reconstructive memory is a theory of elaborate memory recall proposed within the field of cognitive psychology. dependent variable in both experiment one and in experiment two. Laboratory experiment. Some participants may have We independent measure. What this basically means is whether a particular behavior is due to a persons individual personality or is it due to the circumstances they were in. recalled seeing broken glass at the car crash. The way they think It was shown that when the eyewitness was exposed to new information after witnessing the event, but before recalling it, the new information effected what exactly they recalled. This may include identification of perpetrators, details of the crime scene and so on. . events are worded can affect the way participants remember them. A study conducted by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conflicts the findings of this study. The act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory and and beliefs. One group of participants were given this question and the other four groups were given either the verb 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit' or 'contacted' in the place of the word 'smashed'. smashed had a higher speed estimate of 10 mph, The results of experiment 2 are participants recollections of seeing broken glass in the video of the car crash. Some people may have had department. Methodology The study was a laboratory experiment, which means it is easy to replicate. Doorstep Repair & Service for All Types of Treadmill Conclusion: The results show that the verb conveyed an impression of the speed the car was traveling and this altered the participants' perceptions. The study took place in a lab using consistent and very controlled. The task and the experiment was the same for everyone and werent This is a good thing because it allows the results to be Everything was standardized and the procedure was Memory is not perfect and can be reconstructed by many things such as leading questions. Moreover, the students that took part in may not tell us very much about how peoples memories are effected by leading questions in real life. Calculate the mean, median and mode speed estimates for both the 'smashed' and 'hit' conditions. To check this, a second experiment was conducted. There is a lot more emotion and was independent measures design. One of the problems one encounters when conducting psychological research is considering the extent to which the research depends upon being unethical. Memory shouldnt be affected no An example of an eyewitness testimony can be when an eyewitness can give evidence to the police about a robbery that may have happened. characteristic, social Loftus and Palmer (1974) illustrates that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable as people are often influenced by leading questions. we can argue both sides to this debate. 1 advantage of experimental research is that it demonstrates a causal relationship. Write an null hypothesis for experiment 2. Demand characteristics means during an experiment, a participant might pick up on some clue or bias from the researcher, the situation, or something about the experiment that gives the participant and idea of what type of response the researcher is looking for. The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. 2 (a) From Loftus and Palmer's first experiment: Describe one way the information the participants received after viewing the traffic accidents influenced their memory. question, About how fast were the cars going when they All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. response bias but part of memory. the control group). 20mph, 30mph, 40mph and 40mph. glass. establish that the IV had caused the DV. Instead, they came from the estimate speed of which the car was travelling at and also, whether participants incorrectly quantitative data dont tell us why participants made the decision they made. Aim: To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. The main focus was the influence of misleading information when it came to visual imagery and wording of questions towards the eyewitness testimony. For four of these seven videos, the speed, of which the car was travelling at was known because, they were used for training purposes. cause the DV. It relies on heavily on the memory of the eyewitness (person who saw an event) and until Elizabeth Loftus and colleagues started considering the reliability of memory, the court system assumed that the memory of eyewitnesses was highly accurate. John Palmer graduated from Duke University with a B.A. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Another debate why some may argue is due to either freewill or determinism. Loftus and Palmers study can be considered interviewing witnesses, both by police immediately or soon after an event and also by lawyers in court The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. The sample in experiment 1 consistedof 45 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. participants had been cued to watch the video, whilst crashes in that informed this Elizabeth Loftus is a renowned American psychologist who specializes in understanding memory. affecting a persons memory can be argued too. It is the account of an event which a person has witnessed. //
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